Is weight loss as simple as calories in, calories out? In the end, it’s your gut microbes and leftovers that make your calories count

Is the adage “calories in, calories out^[1]” true? The short answer is yes, but the full story is more nuanced.

From the moment food touches your tongue to the time it leaves your body, your digestive system^[2] and gut microbiome^[3] work to extract its nutrients. Enzymes in your mouth, stomach and small intestine break down food for absorption, while microbes in your large intestine digest the leftovers.

“Calories in,...

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